All Contents Copyright ©
2002, ArabNet
Domesticated thousands of years ago by frankincense traders, who
trained the gangly cud-chewer to make the long and arduous journey from
southern Arabia to the northern regions of the Middle East, the camel went
on to become the desert dweller's primary source of transport, shade, milk,
meat, wool and hides.
In technologically-advanced Saudi Arabia, even the Bedouin are not
as dependent on the camel as they once were. These days, camels are valued
more as thoroughbred racing animals and sentimental images of the past
than as the mainstay of transportation. But in many parts of Africa and
Asia today, camels still pull ploughs, turn waterwheels and transport people
and goods to market along desert routes unpassable by wheeled vehicles.
To appreciate the unique contribution that the Arabian camel has
made to the people and history of desert lands, here's a comprehensive
fact-pack on the special characteristics, body structure and behaviour
patterns of this amazing creature.
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Ata Allah, God's gift |
The Bedouin name for Camelus dromedarius, the 'one-hump'
dromedary, also known as the Arabian camel. |
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Behaviour |
Unpredictable at best. Camels have the reputation of being bad-tempered
and obstinate creatures who spit and kick. In reality, they tend to be
good-tempered, patient and intelligent. The moaning and bawling sound they
make when they're loaded up and have to rise to their feet is like the
grunting and heavy breathing of a weight-lifter in action, not a sign of
displeasure at having to do some work. |
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Body temperature |
Camels do not pant, and they perspire very little. Humans start
to sweat when the outside temperature rises above the normal body temperature
of 37¡C, but the camel has a unique body thermostat. It can raise
its body temperature tolerance level as much as 6¡C before perspiring,
thereby conserving body fluids and avoiding unnecessary water loss. No
other mammal can do this. Because the camel's body temperature is often
lower than air temperature, a group of resting camels will even avoid excessive
heat by pressing against each other. |
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Colour |
Camels come in every shade of brown, from cream to almost black. |
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Ears |
A camel's ears are small, but its hearing is acute - even if, like
the donkey or basset hound, it chooses to pay no attention when given a
command! A camel's ears are lined with fur to filter out sand and dust
blowing into the ear canal. |
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Eyes |
A camel's eyes are large, with a soft, doe-like expression. They
are protected by a double row of long curly eyelashes that also help keep
out sand and dust, while thick bushy eyebrows shield the eyes from the
desert sun. |
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Feet |
Camels have broad, flat, leathery pads with two toes on each foot.
When the camel places its foot on the ground the pads spread, preventing
the foot from sinking into the sand. When walking, the camel moves both
feet on one side of its body, then both feet on the other. This gait suggests
the rolling motion of a boat, explaining the camel's 'ship of the desert'
nickname. |
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Food |
A camel can go 5-7 days with little or no food and water, and can
lose a quarter of its body weight without impairing its normal functions.
These days, camels rely on man for their preferred food of dates, grass
and grains such as wheat and oats, but a working camel travelling across
an area where food is scarce can easily survive on thorny scrub or whatever
it can find - bones, seeds, dried leaves, or even its owner's tent! |
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Hair |
All camels moult in spring and have grown a new coat by autumn.
Camel hair is sought after world-wide for high-quality coats, garments
and artists' brushes, as well as being used to make traditional Bedouin
rugs and tents. A camel can shed as much as 2.25 kilos/5lbs
of hair at each moult. |
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Hard skin |
Thick callus-like bare spots of dry skin appear on a camel's chest
and knee joints when the animal reaches five months of age. These leathery
patches help support the animal's body weight when kneeling, resting and
rising. |
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Height |
A fully-grown adult camel stands 1.85m/6 feet at the
shoulder and 2.15m/7 feet at the hump. |
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History |
Scientists believe that ancestors of the modern camel lived in North
America at least 40 million years ago, wandering across the
Alaskan 'land bridge' to Asia and eventually Africa. In Asia, two groups
separated to become the two chief types of camel known today: the dromedary
and the two-humped, shorter-legged Bactrian camel. |
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Hump |
Contrary to popular belief, a camel does not store water in its
hump. It is in fact a mound of fatty tissue from which the animal draws
energy when food is hard to find. When a camel uses its hump fat for sustenance,
the mound becomes flabby and shrinks. If a camel draws too much fat, the
small remaining lump will flop from it's upright position and hang down
the camel's side. Food and a few days' rest will return the hump to its
normal firm condition. |
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Legs |
A camel's long, thin legs have powerful muscles which allow the
animal to carry heavy loads over long distances. A camel can carry as much
as 450kg/990lbs, but a usual and more comfortable cargo weight is 150kgs/330lbs.
It is usual for a camel to work as a beast of burden for only six to eight
months of the year; the remainder of the time it needs to rest and recuperate. |
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Life span |
After a gestation periods of 13 months, a camel cow usually bears
a single calf, and occasionally twins. The calves walk within hours of
birth, but remain close to their mothers until they reach maturity at five
years of age. The normal life span of a camel is 40 years, although a working
camel retires from active duty at 25. |
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Meat |
The best camel meat comes from young male camels. It is regarded
as a delicacy in the Arabian diet, and is gaining popularity in arid lands
where it is difficult to herd sheep, cattle and goats. Although it makes
for tough chewing, the taste is not unlike beef. |
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Milk |
Camel's milk is much more nutritious than that from a cow. It is
lower in fat and lactose, and higher in potassium, iron and Vitamin
C. It is normally drunk fresh, and the warm frothy liquid, heavy
and sweet, is usually an acquired taste for the Western palate. Most Saudi
Arabian camels are females reared for their milk in dairy herds. |
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Mouth |
The camel has a large mouth, with 34 sharp teeth. They enable the
animal to eat rough thorny bushes without damaging the lining of its mouth,
and can be used as biting weapons against predators if need be. A camel
gulps down its food without chewing it first, later regurgitating the undigested
food and chewing it in cud form. |
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Nose |
A camel's nasal passages are protected by large muscular nostrils
that can be opened and closed at will. When a camel twitches its nose,
it is cooling the incoming air and condensing moisture from its outgoing
breath. |
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Speed |
Normal 'amble speed' for a walking camel is 5kph/3mph; a working
camel will typically cover 40km/25 miles a day. Racing camels
can reach 20kph/12mph at the gallop. |
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Tail |
A camel's rope-like tail is over 50cm/19" long. |
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Water |
Camels need very little water if their regular diet contains good,
moisture-rich pasture. Although camels can withstand severe dehydration,
a large animal can drink as much as 100 litres/21 gallons
in ten minutes. Such an amount would kill another mammal, but the camel's
unique metabolism enables the animal to store the water in its bloodstream. |
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Weight |
A fully-grown camel can weigh up to 700kg/1542lbs. |
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The camel's capabilities have been well documented
over the centuries, and its niche in the history of mankind is assured.
But as the camel's contribution to desert life today dwindles as the mechanical
age continues to advance, it is up to us and to future generations to ensure
that this wonderful animal retains a special place in the heart of tomorrow's
world.
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