Believe it or not, this is a real photo of the Aurora taken in Circle, Alaska, 48 miles south of the Arctic Circle by Dick Hutchinson and featured on the US Army Core of Engineers Website

The Model

According to Pearson's theory, all energy in the universe is kinetic, and particles which have a non-zero rest mass consist of photon-like (or neutrino-like) particles with zero rest mass moving at the speed of light. The same conclusion was made by G. Shipov who developed the theory of the physical vacuum [5]. 

The energy of the wave package can be found as follows:
 

(2)

: 
 

(3)

where  is the average, carrying frequency, , where h is Planck's constant, 
 

(4)

Since  is constant for all average frequencies of photons (as was found in experiments), it should be concluded that  for all photons, of any kind. Another consequence of eq.(4) is that  is inversely proportional to the speed of light, c, and that their product is constant: 
 

(5)

It should be noted that this product is very important because it determines the elementary electrical charge, e: 
 

(6)

Let us now assume that the speed of light depends on structure and properties of the medium (ether). According to Pearson's theory, the ether (or i-ther) is an inhomogeneous medium consisting of two kinds of particles moving with different velocities. In this case the wave package can be constructed from harmonic waves spreading in a sub-space of a certain type of particle. Spreading speeds of different wave packages can be different (in the same manner as speeds of sound waves in a solid consisting of several types of atoms). So we may assume that at least two kinds of photons exist, and the corresponding speeds of light, c₁ and c₂, may differ substantially: 
 

(7)

(8)

So, Planck's constant decreases with an increase in the speed of light. The carrying frequency of the wave package increases accordingly: 
 

(9)

According to the famous equation: 
 

(10)

(11)

Thus, we have two kinds of photons, with the same range of energies and sizes, but with substantially different frequencies, momentums and masses, and moving with different speeds. 

(12)

(13)

This is true for all elementary particles (electrons, protons, neutrino, etc.): typical frequencies of the moving elementary particles increase proportionally to the speed of light and their masses decrease proportionally to the square of the light speed. 

New electrons, protons and neutrons may form new atoms in the second world. Since the elementary charge, e, does not change (see eq.(6)), the geometrical structure of atoms is conserved. For example, Bohr radius, which determines the hydrogen atom size, does not change: 
 

(14)

This is true also for the Bohr magneton, which determines the magnetic properties of elementary particles and atoms: 
 

(15)

Energy levels and the radii of the circular orbits of the electron in the hydrogen atom are computed by the formulas: 
 

	(16)
	(17)

As can be seen, they are the same in both worlds. 

An atom can absorb a discrete portion (quantum) of electromagnetic energy (photon) equal to the difference between the levels of energy in spectrum (16) if an electron "jumps" from a closer orbit to a farther one. An excited atom radiates a photon when an electron returns to a closer orbit from a farther one. The magnitude of the emitted or absorbed quantum of energy,?_k, is given by the condition: 
 

(18)

The same conditions hold valid for many-electron atoms. 

So, the energy spectrum of electromagnetic waves - photons - emitted and absorbed by atoms in our world and in the supposed ethereal one is the same. But the frequency spectrums are different: 
 

(19)

This is most likely the main reason for the fact that we cannot sense or record the electromagnetic waves from the ethereal world with our devices: photons emitted by ethereal atoms have appropriate energies, but much higher frequencies. An atom as an oscillatory system can absorb energy of the waves with resonance frequencies only. This means that our atoms cannot absorb photons emitted by analogous ethereal atoms. On the other hand, ethereal photons with appropriate (low) frequencies (created, for example, during braking of ethereal electrons) may be absorbed by our atoms, but they have too little energy (because of small Planck's constant) in comparison with "our" photons, and transfer less momentum than "our" photons by a factor of n².  This makes it difficult to recognize them in the total signal. 

Thus, the parallel, ethereal world has the following features: 
 

The last statement should be considered the most carefully because of its great importance. It is based on the assumption that the world has a fully wave nature, and all elementary particles are constructed from photon-like or neutrino-like particles with zero rest mass. In this case, two different wave objects may occupy the same place. They influence each other, leading to an interference picture, only in the case where their frequencies are similar. In the quantum mechanics language the condition for mutual influence of atoms is the appropriate frequencies of the electromagnetic fields carried by the photons which are absorbed and emitted by those atoms. 

In ordinary life we feel surrounding things due to electromagnetic interaction between our own atoms (in our eyes, skin, and neurons, for example) and photons emitted by atoms of surrounding bodies. Since our atoms cannot absorb photons emitted by ethereal atoms, the ethereal world is invisible to us. 

The second type of interaction we have with surrounding bodies is gravitational. We feel the attraction of the Earth, and most likely the main reason for our need of energy is the necessity to overcome the force of gravitation. It is interesting to note that the evolution of life on Earth can be considered as a history of struggle for food that, in turn, is required for the energy needed to overcome gravitation! All our digestive, blood and respiratory systems are needed to provide energy for muscle systems - again - to overcome gravitation! 

In the supposed ethereal world, the gravitational forces are very weak. Actually, the gravitational force between two bodies,, is proportional to the product of their masses, m₁m₂, and in the ethereal world it will be n⁴ times less than the force between analogous bodies in the our world. For example, if n=100,.  It means that living etherians, if they exist, don't need energy to overcome gravitational attraction. 

What would life be like in the ethereal world? We may suppose that etherians have no problems with food because they don't need nearly as much energy as Earth people. They may possibly receive appropriate chemical energy (mainly for brain and nervous activity) immediately from electromagnetic fields (fluxes of ethereal photons) and neutrino flows. If so, they don't need digestive and blood systems, nor a respiratory system. They can move very quickly because of the absence of gravitational forces and atmosphere resistance, small mass and high light velocity. So, they have no problems with territory and do not struggle for their existence. At least, not in the same way as in our world. 

Can we interact with this world? Might there exist a number of parallel worlds with different constants c and ? These are interesting questions... 

Parallel Ethereal World and the Principle of Relativity

(20)

If, for example, a frame of reference is connected with the particle moving along axis X with the velocity v, coordinates and momentums in this new reference are connected with ones in the initial frame of reference by the Lorentz relations: 
 

(21)

The speed of light, c, is the same for all such frames of reference, independent of the motion of the observer, and it is the maximum possible velocity for all material bodies in our world. 

Special theory of relativity does not consider, however, the possibility of relative motion along the forth, time-axis. Our world can be considered as moving along this axis with the speed of light. 

Let us introduce a new frame of reference which moves along the time-axis with the speed c₁. Coordinate transformation which conserves a square of energy-momentum vector is given by: 
 

(22)

The last equation requires also the change of masses: 
 

(23)

that exactly coincides with eqs.(10). In this case the square of energy-momentum vector is invariant of the transformation (22): 
 

(24)

Velocities of a body in the new and the old frames of reference are connected by the relation: 
 

(25)

So, we obtained the same results as previously, eqs.(10), (11). The new result is the change in the rate of time: with increasing the light velocity the rate of time decreases. But what is the physical meaning of time? 

We use time to characterize: a) space transference of material objects; b) the rate of processes such as transformations of elementary particles, nuclear and chemical reactions. Transference in space is characterized by the product (v×t). According to eqs. (22) and (25), this product does not change: 
 

(26)

As about nuclear and chemical reactions as well as transformations of elementary particles, their rates, apparently, are also connected with the light velocity in the given frame of reference, namely, they are proportional to it. If K is the rate of a certain reaction in the system with the light velocity c, and K₁ is the rate of the same reaction in the system with the light velocity c₁, the following equality can be assumed: 
 

(27)

and the quantity of the reaction productsdoes not change. By this means the slow down of the rate of time is compensated by acceleration of all processes with increasing the light velocity. As a result, all processes, including vital activity, occur in the same manner, in both frames of reference, in accordance with General Principle of Relativity. 

The principle of relativity, in the most general form, including acceleration and rotation of frames of reference, was taken into account by G. Shipov in his theory of physical vacuum [5]. Shipov's vacuum equations have allowed the General Theory of Relativity to be combined with electrodynamics and with quantum field theory. It turned out that these equations do not contain any universal constants such as light velocity, Planck's constant or elementary electrical charge. Certain combinations of these constants should be introduced into the equations. Using a certain velocity of light, c, Shipov determines a density of matter as following [5]: 
 

(28)

where T_im is the energy-momentum tensor, g^im is the metric tensor. Transformation of the coordinate frame of reference (22) conserves the value of T, so the density of matter is inversely proportional to the square of light velocity, in accordance with our assumption (23). So, an existence of material systems with a different velocity of light does not contradict the General Principle of Relativity used in the theory of physical vacuum [5]. 

Existence of the Second Body

(29)

There is some evidence that at the moment of death the weight of the human body decreases by several grams. If we associate this decrease with the release of the second body, it can be used to evaluate n. For example, if M_body=80kg and ?M=M_second=2g,. Unfortunately, the data for weight decrease is not reliable because the weight may decrease for a number of different reasons. But it gives us a principal possibility to evaluate n and correspondingly the speed of light in the ethereal world. 

The statement that the second body is tightly bound to the "physical" body and leaves it during death leads to the following conclusions: 
 

The existence of this force of interaction can be connected with energy flows both in our physical body and in the second body while we are alive. However, this will be the subject of future work. 

Conclusions

References