In some electromechanical systems electrically charged rotor is used to create propulsion force.
There are known electromagnetic systems to use Lorenz force, magneto-hydro-dynamical effect, Hall current. Some antigravitation effects are investigated for so called Hooper bi-directional coils and in the flat current systems (Mobius loop). Quite old idea is to use diamagnetic vapor that is accelerating in the permanent magnet field.
High electric potential systems are known by Tesla and T.T.Brown research work. The Biffeld-Brown effect describes the active force that is created in any flat capacitor to the positive plate side for voltage above 50 kV. Dr. Brown did not explanation of the effect to find the reason of the force so we have chance to suppose that this force is result of the asymmetry for orbital motion of the electrons in the dielectric atoms in strength of the electric field between plates. The asymmetry lead to centrifugal force gradient and non-zero linear component of this force.
There are some research program on superconductivity – gravitation connection.
Special case is thermo-gravitation propulsion technologies. Fig.1.1 show plan for experiment that was described by Alexander Shegolev, Russia as weight changes in heated metal ball if in the top of the ball the cone part was removed to create non-zero total heat flow of this mass.
Let's find the reasons for this active (reactionless) force.
It is known that interaction between atom or molecule
and space-time demonstrated as chaotic
oscillations or movements those are considered as heat processes in
matter. In material objects of
special shape (like the ball above) the vector
sum of such sort oscillations is not equal to zero so the object
get some impulse in the direction that is defined by its shape. The nature
of this impulse is the same like the nature of
chaotical impulses those are received by any atoms from the
space-time (from the ether).
Fig.1.2. show plan for another thermogravitation
closed system design: the reactive flow is
transformed by some converter. One of many versions for it is the cooling
of the flow by means of
special vortex process. Like for Fig.1.1 the active force is
result of non-zero vector sum
for heat processes of each particle of the matter.
To continue we have to make some supposition about the nature of the heat energy. According to Pavel D. Ouspensky (Russian philosopher) and Nikolay A. Kozyrev (Russian astrophysics) there is energy exchange between particle of matter and so called "flow of time" for any really existing material particle. In other words, it is the physical mechanism of existence of the mass-matter in the time flow. By P.D.Ouspensky the heat chaotical oscillations are the result of this energy exchange. By N.A.Kozyrev, the stars have not any inner source of energy but they are working like some kind of machine that transform the energy of so called "flow of time" into the energy of heat radiation (electromagnetic waves). So, we can make the conclusion: The existence of any material system is defined by its energy exchange with so called "flow of time" of certain velocity that is rate of the process.
Modern physics of vacuum consider the notion about
so called "virtual particles". Old idea for the ether particles also can
explain chaotical impulse interaction between real particle of matter and
vacuum (ether). The target now can be formulated by next way: active
drive should be designed if the conditions for directed impulse energy
exchange between real and virtual particles are created. Such sort
interaction takes place anytime and always but total vector sum
is zero in strength of spontaneous nature of the process.
We have chance to order this process as directed
heat flow in the mass of the drive, or to influence onto vacuum by means
of force field (electrical, for example) to order the processes of
creation and annihilation of the virtual particles. Such sort influence
is the reason of electrical interactions. Fig.2.1 show the repulsion and
Fig.2.2. show the attraction modes for two electrically charged bodies.
The first case, total sum intensity between bodies is less than intensity of each body. The second case, the intensity between bodies is more than intensity of electrical field of each body. In fact, each electrically charged body is surrounded by joint summary electrical field that is not symmetrical and some gradient of electrical intensity is the reason for force. It is important to understand that there is direct interaction between body and surrounding space (ether) and force is result of the gradient of the pressure like for aerodynamics. There is no needs in hypothesis about so called "long distance interaction" since all force interactions (electrical included) are simple mechanical effects in the ether.
Lorenz force also can be considered as result of
some gradient in the ether, Fig.2.3. since the pressure of the ether
depend of the relative velocity (vector sum or difference) . The effect
seems as the aerodynamics but for the ether case.
Since the "intensity of the field" itself is the
gradient of the 'potential" ( E = - grad phi ) so the gradient of the "intensity
of the field" (grad E) is quality new notion that lead to new physical
effect, i.e. to the active non compensated force.
Assuming the common nature of the considered examples
we have to conclude: the base for
electrical and magnetic interactions is the same like for energy exchange
of heat processes. The
"field" means some area of space where the processes of interaction
between the ether and matter are not chaotical and spontaneous but they
are ordered in some degree. More order means more value of the force. The
field influence to processes of impulse interaction between material particle
and ether (virtual) particle to make this interaction directed in some
certain direction. By this way we are coming to the mechanics on the
ether level as the base for electricity and gravitation that is electrogravitational
unification.
Let's consider some design, where the properties of the matter are used to create the gradient described above. It is necessary note that there is no difference in principle between particle of matter and space area near of the particle that was mentioned by Faraday. So, when we are working to make some special structure of the matter, we are working with space structure in the volume of this material object.
Let's consider some experiment, Fig.4.2. The base of the design is dielectric of permittivity 6 and second layer is dielectric of permittivity 1. The square of the plate is 100 square cm. The high potential direct current source is self-made design. The potential difference is about 10 kV. The calculated active force should be about 0.001 N or 150 mg that was detected by means of rotation torsion effect.
There is square function for force from the potential,
so it is more useful to increase the potential for the same surface than
to increase the surface.
In the conclusion let me say about necessity for
true law of impulse conservation. The name of the report "reactionless
propulsion" noted the absence of ordinary reactive flow of fuel mass. In
the systems are considered above there is the reaction since the
velocity of system is changing and the compensation effect here is the
change of the impulse of the "virtual particles" or "particles of the ether".
So, the heat energy exchange balance should be changed and the ether becomes
colder. We can detect it since the time rate should be changed for
the mass of so called "working body" of such sort active drive.
Alexander V. Frolov
June 20, 1998. St.-Petersburg
The paper was presented as the report on International Scientific Congress "Space, Time and Gravitation", St.-Petersburg, 1998.
At first time short version of the paper was published in ELECTRIC SPACECRAFT, Leicester, North Carolina 28748 USA, Issue 27, 1997 p.30-31.
