Kenneth A.
Arnold (March 29, 1915 in Sebeka, Minnesota –
January 16, 1984 in Bellevue, Washington) was an
American businessman and pilot.
He is
best-known for making what is generally
considered the first widely reported
unidentified flying object sighting in the
United States, after claiming to see nine
unusual objects flying in a chain near Mount
Rainier, Washington on June 24, 1947. Arnold
described the objects' shape as resembling a
flat saucer or disc (see quotes below), and
also described their erratic motion as
resembling a saucer skipped across water; from
this, the press quickly coined the new terms "flying
saucer" and "flying disc" to describe
such objects, many of which were reported
within days after Arnold's sighting. Later
Arnold would add that one of the objects
resembled a crescent or flying wing (image
at right).
The U.S. Air
Force formally listed the Arnold case as a
mirage; this is one of many explanations that
have been rebutted by critics, and researchers
Jerome Clark[1]
and Ronald Story[2]
both argue that there has never been an
entirely persuasive conventional explanation
of the Arnold sighting.
Contents:
- Biography
- June
24, 1947 UFO sighting
- Arnold
shares the story
- Corroboration
- Publicity
and
origins of term "flying saucer"
- Widespread
UFO
reports after Arnold sighting
- Military
investigation
of Arnold story
- Skeptical
explanations
- Donald
Menzel's explanations
- Other
sightings
by Arnold and his opinion
- See also
- References
- External links
Biography
Arnold was
born in Sebeka, Minnesota, but grew up in
Scobey, Montana. He attended the University of
Minnesota. Arnold began Great Western Fire
Control Supply in Boise, Idaho in 1940, a
company that sold and installed fire
suppression systems, a job that took him
around the Pacific Northwest.
Arnold was
regarded as a skilled and experienced pilot,
with over 9,000 total flying hours, almost
half of which were devoted to Search and
Rescue Mercy Flyer efforts.[3]
He was an avid
swimmer and diver -- and good enough at the
latter to try out for the U.S. Diving team.
Arnold and his wife Doris had four daughters.
On June 24,
1947, while flying near Mt. Rainer, Arnold
claimed to have seen nine unusual objects
flying in the skies; this event is discussed
in more detail below. He claimed to have seen
UFOs on several other occasions afterwards, as
well.
After the 1947
UFO sighting, Arnold became a minor celebrity,
and for about a decade thereafter, he was
somewhat involved in interviewing other UFO
witnesses or contactees (notably, he
investigated the claims of Samuel Eaton
Thompson, one of the first contactees).
Arnold wrote a book and several magazine
articles about his UFO sighting and his
subsequent research.
By the 1960s,
Arnold had little to do with UFOs. He
appearead at a 1977 convention currated by Fate
to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the
"birth" of the modern UFO age. He ran
unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor of
Idaho in 1962.
Arnold died in 1984.
June 24,
1947 UFO sighting
..
Location
of Mt Rainier, Washington
On June 24,
1947, Arnold was flying from Chehalis,
Washington to Yakima, Washington in a CallAir
A-2 on a business trip. He made a brief detour
after learning of a $5000 reward for the
discovery of a U.S. Marine Corps C-46
transport airplane that had crashed near Mt.
Rainer. The skies were completely clear and
there was a mild wind.
A few minutes
before 3:00 p.m. at about 9,200 feet (2,800 m)
in altitude and near Mineral, Washington, he
gave up his search and started heading
eastward towards Yakima. He saw a bright
flashing light, similar to sunlight reflecting
from a mirror. Afraid he might be dangerously
close to another aircraft, Arnold scanned the
skies around him, but all he could see was a
DC-4 to his left and back of him, about 15
miles (24 km) away.
About 30
seconds after seeing the first flash of light,
Arnold saw a series of bright flashes in the
distance off to his left, or north of Mt.
Rainier, which was then 20 to 25 miles (40 km)
away. He thought they might be reflections on
his airplane's windows, but a few quick tests
(rocking his airplane from side to side,
removing his eyeglasses, later rolling down
his side window) ruled this out. The
reflections came from flying objects.
They flew in a
long chain, and Arnold for a moment considered
they might be a flock of geese, but quickly
ruled this out for a number of reasons,
including the altitude, bright glint, and
obviously very fast speed. He then thought
they might be a new type of jet and started
looking intently for a tail and was surprised
that he couldn't find any.
They quickly
approached Rainier and then passed in front,
usually appearing dark in profile against the
bright white snowfield covering Rainier, but
occasionally still giving off bright light
flashes as they flipped around erratically.
Sometimes he said he could see them on edge,
when they seemed so thin and flat they were
practically invisible. According to Clark[4] Arnold
said that one of the objects was rather
crescent shaped, while the other eight objects
were more circular, but initially Arnold's
descriptions were only of the latter disk-like
shape.
At one point
Arnold said they flew behind a subpeak of
Rainier and briefly disappeared. Knowing his
position and the position of the (unspecified)
subpeak, Arnold placed their distance as they
flew past Rainier at about 23 miles (37 km).
Using a Zeus
cowling fastener as a gauge to compare the
nine objects to the distant DC-4, Arnold
estimated their angular size as slightly
smaller than the DC-4, about the width between
the outer engines (about 60 feet). Arnold also
said he realized that the objects would have
to be quite large to see any details at that
distance and later, after comparing notes with
a United Airlines crew that had a similar
sighting 10 days later (see below), placed the
absolute size as larger than a DC-4 airliner
(or greater than 100 feet (30 m) in length).
Army Air Force analysts would later estimate
140 to 280 feet (85 m), based on analysis of
human visual acuity and other sighting details
(such as estimated distance).
Arnold said
the objects were grouped together, as Ted Bloecher[5] writes,
"in a diagonally stepped-down, echelon
formation, stretched out over a distance that
he later calculated to be five miles". Though
moving on a more or less level horizontal
plane, Arnold said the objects weaved from
side to side ("like the tail of a Chinese
kite" as he later stated), darting through the
valleys and around the smaller mountain peaks.
They would occasionally flip or bank on their
edges in unison as they turned or maneuvered
causing almost blindingly bright or
mirror-like flashes of light. The encounter
gave him an "eerie feeling", but Arnold
suspected he had seen test flights of a new
U.S. military aircraft.
As the objects
passed Mt Rainer, Arnold turned his plane
southward on a more or less parallel course.
It was at this point that he opened his side
window and began observing the objects
unobstructed by any glass that might have
produced reflections. The objects did not
disappear and continued to move very rapidly
southward, continuously moving forward of his
position. Curious about their speed, he began
to time their rate of passage: he said they
moved from Mt. Rainer to Mt. Adams where they
faded from view, a distance of about 50 miles
(80 km), in one minute and forty-two seconds,
according to the clock on his instrument
panel. When he later had time to do the
calculation, the speed was over 1,700 miles
per hour (2,700 km/h). This was about three
times faster than any manned aircraft in 1947.
Not knowing exactly the distance where the
objects faded from view, Arnold conservatively
and arbitrarily rounded this down to 1,200
miles (1,900 km) an hour, still faster than
any known aircraft, which had yet to break the
sound barrier. It was this supersonic speed in
addition to the unusual saucer or disk
description that seemed to capture people's
attention.
Arnold
shares the story
Arnold landed
in Yakima at about 4.00 p.m., and quickly told
friend and airport general manager Al Baxter
the amazing story, and before long, the entire
airport staff knew of Arnold's claims. He
discussed the story with the staff, and later
wrote that Baxter didn't believe him.
Arnold flew on
to an air show Pendleton, Oregon, not knowing
that somebody in Yakima had phoned in ahead to
say that Arnold had seen some strange new
aircraft. It was at this time that Arnold
studied his maps, determined the distance
between Mt. Rainier and Mt. Adams, and
calculated the rather astonishing speed. He
told a number of pilot friends, and wrote in
his account to AAF intelligence that they did
not scoff or laugh. Instead they suggested
that maybe he had seen guided missiles or
something new, though Arnold felt this
explanation to be inadequate. He also wrote
that some former Army pilots told him that
they had been briefed before going into combat
"that they might see objects of similar shape
and design as I described and assured me that
I wasn't dreaming or going crazy." (See Foo fighter.)
Arnold wasn't
interviewed by reporters until the next day
(June 25) when he went to the office of the East
Oregonian in Pendleton. Any skepticism
the reporters might have harbored evaporated
when they interviewed Arnold at length; as
historian Mike Dash records:[6]
Arnold had the
makings of a reliable witness. He was a
respected businessman and experienced pilot
... and seemed to be neither exaggerating
what he had seen, nor adding sensational
details to his report. He also gave the
impression of being a careful observer ...
These details impressed the newspapermen who
interviewed him and lent credibility to his
report.
Arnold would soon complain
about the effects of the publicity on his
life. On June 28 he was reported saying, "I
haven't had a moment of peace since I first
told the story." He
then said a preacher had called and told him
that the objects he saw were "harbingers of
doomsday" and that the preacher was
preparing his congregation "for the end of
the world." But that wasn't half as
bad as an encounter he had with a woman in a
Pendleton cafe who looked at him and dashed
out shrieking, "There's
the man who saw the men from Mars." She ran
out "sobbing she would have to do something
for the children" Arnold was reported saying
"with a shudder".
He then added
that, "This whole thing has gotten out of
hand. I want to talk to the FBI or someone.
Half the people look at me as a combination of
Einstein, Flash Gordon and screwball. I wonder
what my wife back in Idaho thinks."[7]
Corroboration
Arnold's
sighting was partly corroborated by a
prospector named Fred Johnson on Mt. Adams,
who wrote AAF intelligence that he saw six of
the objects on June 24 at about the same time
as Arnold, which he viewed through a small
telescope. He said they were "round" and
tapered "sharply to a point in the head and in
an oval shape." He also
noted that the objects seemed to disturb his
compass. An evaluation of the witness
by AAF intelligence found him to be credible.
Ironically, Johnson's report was listed as the
first unexplained UFO report in Air Force
files, while Arnold's was dismissed as a
mirage, yet Johnson seemed to be describing a
continuation of the same event as Arnold.
The Portland Oregon
Journal reported on July 4 receiving a
letter from an L. G. Bernier of Richland,
Washington (about 110 miles (180 km) east of
Mt. Adams and 140 miles (230 km) southeast of
Mt. Rainier). Bernier wrote that he saw three
of the strange objects over Richland flying
"almost edgewise" toward Mt. Rainier about one
half hour before Arnold. Bernier thought the
three were part of a larger formation. He
indicated they were traveling at high speed:
"I have seen a P-38 appear seemingly on one
horizon and then gone to the opposite horizon
in no time at all, but these disks certainly
were traveling faster than any P-38. [Maximum
speed of a P-38 was about 440 miles an hour.]
No doubt Mr. Arnold saw them just a few
minutes or seconds later, according to their
speed."[8]
The previous day, Bernier had also spoken to
his local newspaper, the Richland Washington Villager,
and was among the first witnesses to suggest
extraterrestrial origins: "I believe it may be
a visitor from another planet." [9]
About 60 miles
(97 km) west-northwest of Richland inYakima,
Washington, Mrs. Ethel Wheelhouse likewise
reported sighting several flying discs moving
at fantastic speeds at around the same time as
Arnold's sighting. [10]
When military
intelligence began investigating Arnold's
sighting in early July (see
below), they found yet another witness
from the area. A member of the Washington
State forest service, who had been on fire
watch at a tower in Diamond Gap, about 20
miles (32 km) south of Yakima, reported seeing
"flashes" at 3:00 p.m. on the 24th over Mount
Rainier (or the exact same time as Arnold's
sighting), that appeared to move in a straight
line. Similarly, at 3:00 p.m. Sidney B.
Gallagher in Washington State (exact position
unspecified) reported seeing nine shiny discs
flash by to the north. [11]
A Seattle
newspaper also mentioned a woman near Tacoma
who said she saw a chain of nine, bright
objects flying at high speed near Mt. Rainier.
Unfortunately this short news item wasn't
precise as to time or date, but indicated it
was around the same date as Arnold's sighting.
However, a
pilot of a DC-4 some 10 to 15
miles (24 km) north of Arnold en route to
Seattle reported seeing nothing unusual. (This
was the same DC-4 seen by Arnold and which he
used for size comparison.)
Other Seattle
area newspapers also reported other sightings
of flashing, rapidly moving unknown objects on
the same day, but not the same time, as
Arnold's sighting. Most of these sightings
were over Seattle or west of Seattle in the
town of Bremerton, either that morning or at
night.[12]
Altogether, there were at least 16 other
reported UFO sightings the same day as
Arnold's in the Washington state area.
June 24, 1947
UFO Sightings in Washington
State
|
Tulsa Oklahoma
July 12 1947
"Critters"
..
Eight
Arnold-like objects photographed over Tulsa,
Oklahoma, July 12, 1947 (from Tulsa Daily World)
Eight Arnold-like objects
photographed over Tulsa, Oklahoma, July 12, 1947
(from Tulsa Daily World)
The primary
corroborative sighting, however, occurred ten days
later (July 4) when a United Airlines crew over
Idaho en route to Seattle also spotted five to nine
disk-like objects that paced their plane for 10 to
15 minutes before suddenly disappearing. The next
day in Seattle, Arnold met with the pilot, Cpt. E.
J. Smith, and copilot and compared sighting details.
The main difference in shape was that the United
crew thought the objects appeared rough on top. This
was one of the few sightings that Arnold felt was
reliable, most of the rest he thought were the
public seeing other things and letting their
imaginations run wild. Arnold and Cpt. Smith became
friends, met again with Army Air Force intelligence
officers on July 12 and filed sighting reports, then
teamed up again at the end of July in investigating
the strange Maury Island
incident.
A similar sighting
of eight objects also occurred over Tulsa, Oklahoma
on July 12, 1947. In this instance, a photo was
taken and published in the Tulsa Daily World
the following day (photo above). Interestingly, the
photographer, Enlo Gilmore, said that in blowups of
the photo, the objects resembled baseball catcher's
mitts or flying wings. He was of the opinion that
the military had a secret fleet of flying wing
airplanes. He had been a gunnery officer in the Navy
during the war, and using information from another
witness, also a veteran, he performed a
triangulation and arrived at an estimation of speed
of 1,700 miles per hour (2,700 km/h), or essentially
the same estimate as Arnold's. One of the objects, he said,
seemed to have a hole in the middle.[2]
Two or three photos
of a similar, solitary object were taken by William Rhodes
over Phoenix, Arizona on July 7, 1947, and appeared
in a local Phoenix newspaper and some other
newspapers. The object was
rounded in front with a crescent back. These
photos also seem to show something resembling a
hole in the middle, though Rhodes thought it was
a canopy. [3] Rhode's negatives and
prints were later confiscated by the FBI and
military. However, the photos show up in later Air
Force intelligence reports. [4]
Arnold was soon
shown the Rhode's photos when he met with two AAF
intelligence officers. He commented, "It was a disk
almost identical to the one peculiar flying saucer
that had been worrying me since my original
observation—the one that looked different from the
rest and that I had never mentioned to anyone." As a
result, Arnold felt that the Rhode's photos were
genuine.
..
Eight
Arnold Like Disks July 12th 1947 Tulsa Oklahoma
..
Close
up showing hole and notches
Publicity and
origins of term "flying saucer"
Arnold's account was
first featured in a few late newspaper editions on
June 25, appeared in numerous U.S. and Canadian
papers (and some foreign newspapers) on June 26 and
thereafter, often on the front page. Without
exception, according to Bloecher, the Arnold story
was initially related with a serious, even-handed
tone. The first reporters to interview Arnold were
Nolan Skiff and Bill Bequette of the East
Oregonian in Pendleton, Ore. on June 25, and
the first story on the Arnold sighting, written by
Bequette, appeared in the newspaper the same day.
Starting June 27, newspapers
first began using the terms "flying saucer" and
"flying disk" to describe the sighted
objects. Thus the Arnold sighting is credited with
giving rise to these popular terms. The actual
origin of the terms is somewhat controversial and
complicated. Jerome Clark cites a 1970 study by
Herbert Strentz, who reviewed U.S. newspaper
accounts of the Arnold UFO sighting, and concluded
that the term was probably due to an editor or
headline writer: the body of the early Arnold news
stories did not use the term "flying saucer" or
"flying disc." However, earlier stories did in fact
credit Arnold with using terms such as "saucer",
"disk", and "pie-pan" in describing the shape. (see
quotes further below)
Years later, Arnold claimed he
told Bill Bequette that "they flew erratic, like a
saucer if you skip it across the water." Arnold
felt that he had been misquoted since the
description referred to the objects' motion rather
than their shape. Thus Bequette has often
been credited with first using "flying saucer" and
supposedly misquoting Arnold, but the term does not
appear in Bequette's early articles. Instead, his
first article of June 25 says only, "He said he
sighted nine saucer-like aircraft flying in
formation..."
The next day in a
much more detailed article, Bequette wrote, "He
clung to his story of shiny, flat objects racing
over the Cascade mountains with a peculiar weaving
motion ‘like the tail of a Chinese kite.' ...He also
described the objects as 'saucer-like' and their
motion 'like fish flipping in the sun.' ...[Arnold]
described the objects as 'flat like a pie-pan and
somewhat bat-shaped'." It wasn't until June 28 that
Bequette first used the term "flying disc" (but not
"flying saucer").
A review of early
newspaper stories indicates that immediately after
his sighting, Arnold
generally described the objects’ shape as thin and
flat, rounded in the front but chopped in the back
and coming to a point, i.e., more or less saucer-
or disk-like. He also specifically used
terms like "saucer" or "saucer-like", "disk", and
"pie pan" or "pie plate" in describing the shape.
The motion he generally described as weaving like
the tail of a kite and erratic flipping.
For example, in a
surviving recorded radio interview from June 25,
Arnold described them as looking "something like a pie plate that
was cut in half with a sort of a convex triangle
in the rear." His motion descriptions were:
"I noticed to the left of me a chain which looked to
me like the tail of a Chinese kite, kind of
weaving... they seemed to flip and flash in the sun,
just like a mirror... they seemed to kind of weave
in and out right above the mountaintops..." [5]
The following day
(June 26) were the following quotes attributed to
Arnold: [6]
- United Press: "They were
shaped like saucers and were so thin I could
barely see them..."
- Associated Press: "He said
they were bright, saucer-like objects--he called
them 'aircraft'. ...He also described the
objects as ‘saucer-like’ and their motion 'like
a fish flipping in the sun.’ ...Arnold described
the objects as 'flat like a pie pan'."
- Associated Press: "They flew
with a peculiar dipping motion, 'like a fish
flipping in the sun,' he said. ... He said they
appeared to fly almost as if fastened together
-- if one dipped, the others did, too."
- Chicago Tribune: "They
were silvery and shiny and seemed to be shaped
like a pie plate.... I am sure they were
separate units because they weaved in flight
like the tail of a kite."
On June 27 was the following quote:
..
The
letter with a drawing of flying saucers or
flying disks submitted by pilot
Kenneth
Arnold to Army Air Force intelligence on July
12, 1947. Credit: USAF
Kenneth
Arnold's written report to Army Air Forces (AAF)
intelligence, July 12, 1947, with drawing of
objects
Two weeks later,
Arnold was still referring to the shape of the
objects as "saucers" or "saucer-like." In the Portland
Oregonian on July 11, he was quoted saying, "I
actually saw a type of aircraft slightly longer than
it was wide, with a thickness about one twentieth as
great as its width. ...I reckoned the saucers were
23 miles away."
In a written
statement to Army Air Forces (AAF) intelligence the
following day(July 12), Arnold several times
referred to the objects as "saucer-like." At the end
of the report he drew a picture of what the objects
appeared to look like at their closest approach to
Mt. Rainier. He wrote, "They seemed longer than
wide, their thickness was about 1/20th their width."
(document with Arnold's drawing at right) As to
motion, Arnold wrote, "They flew like many times I
have observed geese to fly in a rather diagonal
chain-like line as if they were linked together.
They seemed to hold a definite direction but rather
swerved in and out of the high mountain peaks." He
also spoke of how they would "flip and flash in the
sun."
Text of written report -
Project 1947
To complicate the
shape descriptions further, a month after his
sighting, Arnold was to become involved in the
bizarre Maury Island
incident. Arnold was dispatched by a magazine
publisher to Tacoma to investigate it, although he
eventually turned the investigation over to the AAF.
In a meeting with two AAF intelligence officers (the
same ones who interviewed him on July 12 and for
whom he wrote his report), Arnold first revealed one
of the nine objects was different, being larger and
shaped more like a crescent coming to a point in the
back (see picture at article top). It was at this
time that Arnold was also shown the Rhode's photos
of a crescent-shaped object over Phoenix, which
Arnold deemed authentic because of the unusual
shape.
Some note the object
in the drawing bears an uncanny similarity to the
WW2 German design, the Horten Ho 229, sometimes
further claiming it was captured German technology
being tested. But there is no historical evidence of
any kind supporting this.
Widespread UFO
reports after Arnold sighting
In the weeks that
followed Arnold's June, 1947 story, at least several
hundred reports of similar sightings flooded in from
the U.S. and around the world — most of which
described saucer-shaped objects. A sighting by a
United Airlines crew of another nine, disk-like
objects over Idaho on July 4 probably garnered more
newspaper coverage than Arnold's original sighting,
and opened the floodgates of media coverage in the
days to follow.
Bloecher collected
reports of 853 flying disc sightings that year from
140 newspapers from Canada, Washington D.C, and
every U.S. state save Montana. This was more UFO
reports for 1947 than most researchers ever
suspected. Some of these stories were poorly
documented or fragmentary, but Bloecher argued that
about 250 of the more detailed reports (such as
those made by pilots or scientists, multiple
eyewitnesses, or backed by photos) made a persuasive
case for a genuine mystery.
Adding intrigue to
Arnold's story, the U.S. military denied having any
planes at all in the area of Mount Rainier at the
time of his sighting. Likewise, on July 6,
speculation arose in newspaper articles that the
objects being sighted were due to either the "flying
wing" or "flying flapjack," a disc-shaped aircraft,
both experimental planes under development by the
U.S. military at the time (see military flying saucers).
The military repeated that neither aircraft could
account for the sightings, which is also born out by
historical records.
The most famous UFO
event during this period was the Roswell
UFO
incident, the alleged military recovery of a
crashed flying disk, the story of which broke on
July 8, 1947. To calm rising public concern, this
and other cases were debunked by the military in
succeeding days as mistaken sightings of weather
balloons.[7]
Military
investigation of Arnold story
The first
investigation of Arnold's claims came from Lt. Frank
Brown and Capt. William Davidson of Hamilton Field
in California, who interviewed Arnold on July 12.
Arnold also submitted a written report at that time.
Regarding the reliability of Arnold's sighting, they
concluded:[13]
"It is the present opinion of the
interviewer that Mr. Arnold actually saw what he
stated he saw. It is difficult to believe that a
man of [his] character and apparent integrity
would state that he saw objects and write up a
report to the extent that he did if he did not see
them."
Despite this, the Army Air Force's
formal public conclusion was that Arnold had seen a
mirage.
In addition, on July
9 AAF intelligence, with help from the FBI, secretly
began an investigation of the best sightings, mostly
from pilots and military personnel. Arnold's
sighting, as well as that of the United Airline's
crew, were included in the list of best sightings.
Three weeks later they came to the conclusion that
the saucer reports were not imaginary or adequately
explained by natural phenomena; something real was
flying around. This laid the groundwork for another
intelligence estimate in September 1947 by Gen.
Nathan Twining, commanding officer of the Air
Materiel Command, which likewise concluded the
saucers were real and urged a formal investigation
by multiple government agencies. This in turn
resulted in the formation of Project Sign at the end
of 1947, the first publicly acknowledged USAF UFO
investigation. Project Sign eventually evolved into
Project Grudge, and then the better known Project
Blue Book.
The personnel of the
U.S. Air Force's Project Sign (1947 - 1949) also
later studied Arnold's story. According to Major
Edward J. Ruppelt,[14]
I found that there was a lot of
speculation on this report [amongst Sign
personnel]. Two factions ... joined up behind two
lines of reasoning. One side said that Arnold had
seen plain, everyday jet airplanes flying in
formation ... The other side didn't buy this idea
at all. They based their argument on the fact that
Arnold knew where the objects were when he timed
them ...
There was an old theory that maybe
Arnold had seen wind whipping snow along the
mountain ridges, so I asked [Air Force
investigators] about this. I got a flat
"Impossible."
Skeptical
explanations
One skeptical
objection raised is that Arnold was suspiciously
precise in his descriptions (for example,
"approaching Mt. Rainier at about 107 degrees" and
"passed almost directly in front of me, but at a
distance of about 23 miles"), perhaps calling into
question Arnold's reliability as a witness.[15] However,
Arnold's "about 107 degrees" was clearly not
meant to be exact but an estimate, based on judging
flight bearings from thousands of hours of flying
experience. Arnold was also explicit from the
beginning that his 23-mile (37 km) distance figure
was based on seeing the objects momentarily
disappear behind a sub-peak of Rainier of a known
distance.
Skeptic Steuart
Campbell has argued that the objects Arnold reported
could have been mirages of several snow-capped peaks
in Cascade Range. Campbell's calculation of the
objects' speed determined that they were travelling
at roughly the same speed as Arnold's plane,
indicating that the objects were in fact stationary.
Mirages could have been caused by temperature
inversions over several deep valleys in the line of
sight.[16]
It is true that when
Arnold had turned the plane so as to fly parallel to
the apparent N-S course of the objects the relative
bearing to very distant mountains would change at a
much slower angular rate than the bearings to nearby
peaks, i.e. as nearby landmarks fell aft of the left
wing parallax would cause distant landmarks to be
relatively displaced in the opposite direction.
Because mirage affects visual elevation but
preserves visual bearing, detached mirage images of
distant peaks could appear to pace the plane.
However, Arnold said that he first saw the objects
crossing the nose of the plane at speed from N - S
before he turned S in order to watch them through
the open side canopy. Parallax does not explain
this. He also said he saw the objects fly in front
of Mt. Rainier; they could be seen in profile and
also flashing brightly against the snowfields of
Rainier. That would be impossible for mirages of
mountain peaks dozens of miles away to the south.
UFO skeptic Philip
J. Klass[17]
cited an article by Keay Davidson of the San
Francisco Examiner in arguing that Arnold
might have misidentified meteors on June 24, 1947.
In rebuttal, optical physicist Bruce Maccabee
pointed out a meteor theory would require impossibly
slow speeds and durations for brightly glowing
meteors on a horizontal trajectory. [18]
James Easton[19] was the
first of several skeptics to suggest that Arnold may
have misidentified pelicans: the birds live in the
Washington region, are rather large (wingspans of
over three meters are not uncommon), have a pale
underside that can reflect light, can fly at rather
high altitudes, and can appear to have a somewhat
crescent-shaped profile when flying.
Similarly, Richard
Carrier recently claimed [20] to have seen
the same UFOs as Arnold described, "ovoid objects
flying in formation" "rotating along their axis of
motion, like footballs, with one side black and one
bright white, so they alternated in color while they
spun." Then he realized it was an optical illusion
and a flock of seagulls of which he misgauged the
speed. He further claimed that Arnold's account
showed that Arnold was incorrectly estimating his
height, believing himself level to mountains four
thousand feet below him giving him erroneous
estimates of the level, distance, and speed of the
objects. Birds unable to meet these erroneous
estimates are ruled out by the minds eye as a
possible explanations for the object and aren't
recognized.
Rebutting the
various bird explanations, Maccabee, argues it is
physically impossible for a bird to be blindingly
bright as reported by Arnold—the objects; brilliant
brightness being what initially attracted Arnold's
attention. Further, Arnold was flying at roughly 110
miles (180 km) an hour on a parallel course to the
objects. Arnold reported the objects rapidly moving
forward of his position as he observed them flying
southward on a parallel course between Mt. Rainier
and Mt. Adams. However, no bird could possibly fly
faster than Arnold's plane; instead birds would have
steadily moved backward, not forwards, relative to
his position.[21]
Donald Menzel's
explanations
Donald
Menzel was a Harvard astronomer and one of the
earliest UFO debunkers. Over the years, he
offered several mutually exclusive explanations for
the Arnold's 1947 UFO sighting. Bruce Maccabee rebutted
Menzel's explanations in a 1986 monograph, arguing
that Menzel often left out data that conflicted with
a given 'explanation'.[22]
- In 1953, Menzel argued that
Arnold had seen clouds of snow blown from the
mountains south of Mt. Rainier. Maccabee noted
that such snow clouds have hazy light, not the
mirror-like brilliance reported by Arnold.
Further, such clouds could not be in the rapid
motion reported by Arnold, nor would they
account for Arnold first seeing the bright
objects north of Rainier.
- In 1963, Menzel argued that
Arnold had seen orographic clouds or wave
clouds; Maccabee noted that this conflicted with
testimony from Arnold and others that the sky
was clear, and again can't account for the
brightness of the objects or their rapid motion
over a very large angular region.
- In 1971, Menzel argued that
Arnold had merely seen spots of water on his
airplane's windows; Maccabee notes that this
contradicts Arnold's testiomony that he had
specifically ruled out water spots or
reflections shortly after seeing the nine UFOs.
For example, the early Bill Bequette article of
June 26 in the Pendleton East Oregonian
has Arnold saying he at first thought that maybe
he was seeing reflections off his window, but
"he still saw the objects after rolling it
down."
Other sightings
by Arnold and his opinion
In a 1950 interview
with journalist Edward R. Murrow,
Arnold reported seeing similar objects on three
other occasions, and said other pilots flying in the
northwestern U.S. had sighted such objects as many
as eight times. The pilots initially felt a duty
reporting the objects despite the ridicule, he said,
because they thought the U.S. government didn't know
what they were. Arnold did not assert that the
objects were alien spacecraft, although he did say:
"being a natural-born American, if it's not made by
our science or our Army Air Forces, I am inclined to
believe it's of an extraterrestrial origin." Then he
added that he thought everybody should be concerned,
but "I don't think it's anything for people to get
hysterical about."
The first issue of Fate
(1948) featured the article The Truth About The
Flying Saucers by Arnold. In 1952 he described
his experiences in the book The Coming of the
Saucers, which he and a publisher friend named
Raymond A. Palmer
published themselves.
See also
References
- Jerome Clark, The
UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial.
Visible Ink, 1998. ISBN 1-57859-029-9
- Story, Ronald, editor, The
Encyclopedia of UFOs, Garden City: Doubleday
& Company, Inc, 1980, ISBN 0-385-13677-3
- Diana Palmer Hoyt,
"UFOCRITIQUE: UFO's, Social Intelligence and the
Condon Committee"; Master's Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute, 2000; read it online
- Clark, 1998
- The UFO Wave of 1947 by Ted
Bloecher, 1967; URL accessed March 7, 2007
- Dash, Mike, Borderlands:
The Ultimate Exploration of the Unknown;
Woodstock: Overlook Press, 2000; ISBN 0-87951-724-7
- Bremerton (Washington) Sun,
June 28, 1947, p. 1
- Oregon Journal,
Portland, July 4, 1947, p. 2
- Michael D. Hall & Wendy A.
Connors, Alfred Loedding
& the Great Saucer Wave of 1947, online, p. 27
- Hall & Connors, 27
- Hall & Connors, 27-28
- Seattle Daily Times,
June 27, 1947, p. 1; Bremerton Sun, June
28, 1947, p. 1
- reprinted in Bloecher, 1967
- Edward J. Ruppelt; Report
On Unidentified Flying Objects; New York:
Doubleday 1956
- see Story, 1980
- Chapter 5 ("The first flying
saucers") in The UFO Mystery Solved (1994) ISBN 0952151200
- The Skeptics UFO Newsletter (SUN)
#46, July 1997 URL accessed March 13, 2007
- Bruce Maccabee, "Another Failed
Explanation for the Kenneth Arnold Sighting"
- RRRGroup, "Kenneth Arnold and the
pelicans" (Wednesday, April 4, 2007); URL
accessed June 27, 2007
- "I saw a UFO" (Wednesday
January 23, 2008); URL accessed January 24, 2008
- Maccabee account of Arnold
sighting with critique of skeptical explanations
- see Clark, 2005 for more
details and Maccabee's website [1]
- Clark, Jerome, The UFO
Encyclopedia: The Phenomenon from the Beginning,
Volume 2, A-K, Detroit: Omnigraphics, 1998
(2nd edition, 2005), ISBN 0-7808-0097-4
- Campbell, Steuart, The UFO
Mystery Solved, Explicit Books, 1994, ISBN 0-9521512-0-0
- Obituary, Idaho Statesman,
January 22, 1984
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